LECTURE 12
For
negligible change in kinetic and potential energies through the control volume,
If
the control volume is well insulated (i.e. adiabatic), then, q = 0.
For
steady flow devices, such as turbines, compressors and pumps, is power transmitted
through a shaft.
The unit of ke is m2/s2 which is equivalent
to Joule/kg. The enthalpy is usually given in kJ/kg. So kinetic energy should
be expressed in kJ/kg. This is accomplished by dividing it by 1000.
Kinetic
energy term at low velocities is negligible, but should be accounted for at
high velocities.
By
similar argument, the elevation difference between inlet and exit of most
industrial devices such as compressors and turbines is small and potential
energy term is negligible (particularly for gases). The only time the potential energy term is significant is when a
process involves pumping a fluid to high elevations.
A turbine
is a rotary steady state steady flow machine whose purpose is the production of
shaft power at the expense of the pressure of the working fluid.
Two
general classes of turbines are steam and gas turbines depending on the working
substance used.
Usually,
changes in potential energy are negligible, as is the inlet kinetic energy.
Often the exit kinetic energy is neglected (if in a problem, the flow
velocities are specified, the kinetic energy term should be included).
Normally,
the process in the turbine is adiabatic and the work output reduces to decrease
in enthalpy from the inlet to exit states.
The
purpose of a compressor (gas) or pump (liquid) is the same, to increase the
pressure of a fluid by putting in shaft work (power). There are two
fundamentally different types of compressors:
1.
The rotary type (either axial or centrifugal
flow)
2.
A piston/cylinder type compressor.
The
first type is analyzed using control volume approach (steady state steady flow
process). The working fluid enters the compressor at low pressure and exits at
high pressure.
Usually,
changes in potential energy are negligible as is the inlet kinetic energy.
Often, exit kinetic energy is neglected as well (wherever, in a problem,
velocities are specified, ke term should not be neglected).
The
compression process is usually adiabatic.
A nozzle
is a steady state steady flow device to create a high velocity fluid stream at
the expense of its pressure. It is contoured in an appropriate manner to expand
the fluid to a lower pressure.
Since the
objective of the device is to increase the flow velocity, hence kinetic energy,
the kinetic energy term cannot be ignored. Usually, the process through the
nozzle is treated as adiabatic.
Since
there are no moving parts, shaft work is zero. The potential energy term (for
gases) is negligible and hence omitted.
A steady state steady flow device meant to
decelerate high velocity fluid resulting in increased pressure of the fluid. It
is the opposite of a nozzle as far as the purpose is concerned. The assumptions are similar to those for a
nozzle.