Gibbs equation is

du = Tds - Pdv

The enthalpy h can be differentiated,

dh = du + pdv + vdP

Combining the two results in

dh = Tds + vdP

The coefficients T and v are partial derivative of h(s,P),

Since v > 0, an isentropic increase in pressure will result in an increase in enthalpy.

We introduce Helmholtz function

a = u – Ts

Combine Gibbs equation with the differential of a,

da = -Pdv – sdT

The coefficient –P and –s are the partial derivatives of f(v,T), so

Similarly, using the Gibbs function

g = h – Ts

dg = vdP – sdT

Consequently,

Note:

1. The decrease in Helmholtz function of a system sets an upper limit to the work done in any process between two equilibrium states at the same temperature during which the system exchanges heat only with a single reservoir at this temperature. Since the decrease in the Helmholtz potential represents the potential to do work by the system, it is also a thermodynamic potential.

2. The decrease in Gibbs function of a system sets an upper limit to the work, exclusive of “pdv” work in any process between two states at the same temperature and pressure, provided the system exchanges heat only with a single reservoir at this temperature and that the surroundings are at a constant pressure equal to that in the end states of the pressure.

The maximum work is done when the process is isothermal isobaric. Gibbs function is also called Chemical Potential.

Some important property relations

dz(x,y) = Mdx + Ndy

where, M = N =

Mathematically, we would say that dz is an exact differential, which simply means that z is a continuous function of the two independent variables x and y. Since the order in which a second partial derivative is taken is unimportant, it follows that,

Maxwell’s relations:

Mnemonic Diagram

The differential expressions for the thermodynamic potentials and Maxwell relations can be remembered conveniently in terms of a thermodynamic Mnemonic diagram.

The diagram consists of a square with two diagonal arrows pointing upwards and the thermodynamic potentials in alphabetical order clockwise on the sides as shown in figure. The natural variables associated with each potential are placed in the corners.

Diagonal arrows indicate the coefficients associated with the natural variables in the differential expression of the potential. The sign of the coefficient depends on whether the arrow is pointing towards (- ve) or away from the natural variable (+ ve).

For example,

du = (sign)(coeff.) ds + (sign)(coeff.) dv

du = (sign)Tds + (sign)Pdv

du = +Tds - Pdv

To write the Maxwell relations we need to concentrate on the direction of the arrows and the natural variables only.

If both the arrows pointing in the same direction, there is no need to change the sign, otherwise the equation should carry a negative sign.

The internal energy

u = u(T,v)

For a simple compressible substance,

Taking entropy as a function of temperature and volume,

This important equation expresses the dependence of the internal energy on the volume at fixed temperature solely in terms of measurable T, P and v. This is helpful in construction of tables for u in terms of measured T, P and v.

For a perfect gas,