:root {
    /* Light Theme Colors */
    --bg-primary: #fffff8;
    --bg-secondary: #f9fff0;
    --bg-tertiary: #e2e8f0;
    --surface: #ffffff;
    --surface-elevated: #ffffff;
    
    /* Text Colors */
    --text-primary: #0f172a;
    --text-secondary: #334155;
    --text-tertiary: #475569;
    --text-inverse: #ffffff;
    
    /* Accent Colors */
    --accent-primary: #3784ff;
    --accent-secondary: #8f61fa;
    --accent-tertiary: #0389ff;
    --accent-success: #10b981;
    --accent-warning: #f59e0b;
    --accent-error: #ef4444;
    
    /* Gradients */
    --gradient-primary: linear-gradient(135deg, #4573ff 0%, #ce32fd 100%);
    --gradient-secondary: linear-gradient(135deg, #c932fb 0%, #ff3636 100%);
    --gradient-accent: linear-gradient(135deg, #2197ff 0%, #00f2fe 100%);
    
    /* Glass Effect */
    --glass-bg: rgba(248, 250, 252, 0.8);
    --glass-border: rgba(148, 163, 184, 0.2);
    --glass-shadow: 0 8px 32px rgba(15, 23, 42, 0.08);
    
    /* Spacing */
    --spacing-xs: 0.25rem;
    --spacing-sm: 0.5rem;
    --spacing-md: 1rem;
    --spacing-lg: 1.5rem;
    --spacing-xl: 2rem;
    --spacing-xll: 2.5rem;
    --spacing-2xl: 3rem;
    --spacing-3xl: 4rem;
    
    /* Border Radius */
    --radius-sm: 0.375rem;
    --radius-md: 0.5rem;
    --radius-lg: 0.75rem;
    --radius-xl: 1rem;
    --radius-2xl: 1.5rem;
    
    /* Shadows */
    --shadow-sm: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);
    --shadow-md: 0 4px 6px -1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
    --shadow-lg: 0 10px 15px -3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
    --shadow-xl: 0 20px 25px -5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
    
    /* Transitions */
    --transition-fast: 0.15s ease-in-out;
    --transition-normal: 0.3s ease-in-out;
    --transition-slow: 0.5s ease-in-out;
}

[data-theme="dark"] {
    /* Dark Theme Colors */
    --bg-primary: #121920;
    --bg-secondary: #19202b;
    --bg-tertiary: #2d3748;
    --surface: #1a1a1a;
    --surface-elevated: #2a2a2a;
    
    /* Text Colors */
    --text-primary: #f7fafc;
    --text-secondary: #cbd5e0;
    --text-tertiary: #a0aec0;
    --text-inverse: #0f172a;
    
    /* Accent Colors */
    --accent-primary: #70d7ff;
    --accent-secondary: #bca6ff;
    --accent-tertiary: #03b3ff;
    --accent-success: #34d399;
    --accent-warning: #fbbf24;
    --accent-error: #f87171;

    /* Gradients */
    --gradient-primary: linear-gradient(135deg, #6aabff 0%, #df5fff 100%);
    --gradient-secondary: linear-gradient(135deg, #c25fff 0%, #ff7b7b 100%);
    --gradient-accent: linear-gradient(135deg, #63b6fe 0%, #1ff4ff 100%);
    
    /* Glass Effect */
    --glass-bg: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.05);
    --glass-border: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);
    --glass-shadow: 0 8px 32px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);
}

* {
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
    box-sizing: border-box;
}



body {
    font-family: 'Inter', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, sans-serif;
    background: var(--bg-primary);
    color: var(--text-primary);
    line-height: 1.6;
    overflow-x: hidden;
    transition: all var(--transition-normal);
    opacity: 0;
}

body.loaded {
    opacity: 1;
}

.background-grid {
    position: fixed;
    top: 0;
    left: 0;
    width: 100%;
    height: 100%;
    opacity: 0.02;
    background-image: radial-gradient(circle at 1px 1px, rgba(0,0,0,0.1) 1px, transparent 0);
    background-size: 30px 30px;
    pointer-events: none;
    z-index: -1;
}

.loading-bar {
    position: fixed;
    top: 0;
    left: 0;
    width: 0;
    height: 3px;
    background: var(--gradient-primary);
    z-index: 9999;
    transition: width 0.3s ease;
}

body.loaded .loading-bar {
    width: 100%;
    opacity: 0;
    transition: width 0.3s ease, opacity 0.5s ease 0.2s;
}

.container {
    max-width: 1200px;
    margin: 0 auto;
    padding: 0 var(--spacing-lg);
}

/* Glass Effect */
.glass {
    background: var(--glass-bg);
    backdrop-filter: blur(20px) saturate(180%);
    -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(20px) saturate(180%);
    border: 1px solid var(--glass-border);
    box-shadow: var(--glass-shadow), 
                0 0 0 1px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.05) inset;
    border-radius: var(--radius-xl);
}

.glass-border {
    border-bottom: 5px solid var(--glass-border);
    padding-bottom: 0.9rem;
    margin-bottom: 1.25rem;
}

/* Navigation */
.navbar {
    position: fixed;
    top: 0;
    left: 0;
    right: 0;
    z-index: 1000;
    background: var(--glass-bg);
    backdrop-filter: blur(20px);
    -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(20px);
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--glass-border);
    transition: all var(--transition-normal);
}

.nav-container {
    max-width: 1200px;
    margin: 0 auto;
    padding: 0 var(--spacing-lg);
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: space-between;
    height: 65px;
}

.nav-brand {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: var(--spacing-md);
}

.brand-logo {
    width: 40px;
    height: 40px;
    object-fit: contain;  /* keeps image from being cropped */
    border-radius: 8px;    /* optional: makes corners rounded */
    background-color: black;
}

.brand-text {
    width: 40px;
    height: 40px;
    background: var(--gradient-primary);
    border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    color: white;
    font-weight: 700;
    font-size: 1.2rem;
}

.brand-info .name {
    font-weight: 600;
    color: var(--text-primary);
    display: block;
    white-space: nowrap;
}

.brand-info .title {
    font-size: 0.875rem;
    color: var(--text-secondary);
}

.nav-menu {
    display: flex;
    list-style: none;
    gap: var(--spacing-lg);
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
}

.nav-link {
    color: var(--text-secondary);
    text-decoration: none;
    font-weight: 500;
    padding: var(--spacing-sm) var(--spacing-md);
    border-radius: var(--radius-md);
    transition: all var(--transition-fast);
    position: relative;
}

.nav-link:hover, .nav-link.active {
    color: var(--accent-primary);
    background: var(--glass-bg);
}

.nav-actions {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: var(--spacing-md);
}

.nav-link:focus,
.btn:focus,
.social-link:focus {
    outline: 2px solid var(--accent-primary);
    outline-offset: 2px;
}

.theme-toggle {
    background: var(--glass-bg);
    border: 1px solid var(--glass-border);
    color: var(--text-primary);
    width: 44px;
    height: 44px;
    border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    cursor: pointer;
    transition: all var(--transition-fast);
}

.theme-toggle:hover {
    transform: translateY(-2px);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-lg);
}

.mobile-menu-toggle {
    display: none;
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: 4px;
    background: none;
    border: none;
    cursor: pointer;
    padding: var(--spacing-sm);
}

.mobile-menu-toggle span {
    width: 20px;
    height: 2px;
    background: var(--text-primary);
    transition: all var(--transition-fast);
}


/* Add to style.css */
@keyframes float {
    0%, 100% { transform: translateY(0px); }
    50% { transform: translateY(-10px); }
}

/* Smooth fade-in for sections */
.section {
    opacity: 0;
    animation: sectionFadeIn 0.8s ease-out forwards;
}

@keyframes sectionFadeIn {
    to { opacity: 1; }
}

/* Hero Section */

.hero-intro {
    position: relative;
    width: 100%;
    text-align: center;
    padding: var(--spacing-xll) var(--spacing-lg);
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-2xl);
    border-radius: 1.5rem;
    box-shadow: 0 4px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.2); /* shadow */
    overflow: hidden;

    /* Base frosted glass */
    background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.01);
    backdrop-filter: blur(5px) saturate(120%);
    -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(5px) saturate(120%);
    border-top: 2px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);
    border-bottom: 2px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);

    /* Entrance animation */
    opacity: 0;
    transform: translateY(20px);
    animation: heroBarFade 1s ease forwards;
}


/* Background blurred image layer */
.hero-intro::before {
    content: "";
    position: absolute;
    inset: 0;
    background-image: url("Images/IITK.jpeg");
    background-size: cover;
    background-position: center;
    background-repeat: no-repeat;
    filter: blur(5px) brightness(0.95) contrast(0.95); /* blur  */
    transform: scale(1.05); /* avoid edge clipping due to blur */
    z-index: 0;
}

/* Semi-transparent frosted overlay + soft glow */
.hero-intro::after {
    content: "";
    position: absolute;
    inset: 0;
    background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5); /* milky glass layer */
    border-top: 2px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15);
    border-bottom: 2px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15);
    backdrop-filter: blur(5px) saturate(120%);
    -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(5px) saturate(120%);
    z-index: 1;
}
 
/* Keep text above everything */
.hero-intro > * {
    position: relative;
    z-index: 2;
}

/* Dark mode using data-theme attribute */
[data-theme="dark"] .hero-intro::before {
    filter: blur(5px) brightness(0.5) contrast(0.95);
}

[data-theme="dark"] .hero-intro::after {
    background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.05);
}


@keyframes gradientShift {
    0% { background-position: 0% 50%; }
    50% { background-position: 100% 50%; }
    100% { background-position: 0% 50%; }
}

.hero-name {
    font-size: clamp(2.5rem, 6vw, 4.2rem);
    font-weight: 800;
    background-clip: text;
    margin-bottom: 0.1rem;

    display: inline-block;     /* allow width animation */
    overflow: hidden;           /* hide overflow during typing */
    white-space: nowrap;        /* keep text in a single line */
    width: 0;                   /* start hidden */
    opacity: 1;

    animation: typing 2.5s steps(15, end) forwards; /* adjust steps to char count */
    text-align: center;         /* center the text */
}



/* Typing animation */
@keyframes typing {
    from { width: 0; }
    to { width: 15ch; } /* adjust to number of characters in your name */
}

.hero-tagline {
    font-size: 1.3rem;
    font-weight: 550;
    animation: fadeSlideUp 1s ease forwards;
    animation-delay: 0.6s;
    opacity: 0;
}


/* Animations */
@keyframes heroBarFade {
    to {
        opacity: 1;
        transform: translateY(0);
    }
}

@keyframes fadeSlideUp {
    to {
        opacity: 1;
        transform: translateY(0);
    }
}

/* Mobile adjustments */
@media (max-width: 560px) {
    .hero-intro {
        padding: var(--spacing-xl) var(--spacing-md);
    }

    .hero-name {
        white-space: normal;
        animation: typing 2s steps(10, end) forwards;
    }

    @keyframes typing {
        from { width: 0; }
        to { width: 10ch; } /* adjust to number of characters in your name */
    }
}

.section.in-view {
    position: relative;
}

.section.in-view::before {
    content: '';
    position: absolute;
    left: 0;
    top: 0;
    width: 4px;
    height: 60px;
    background: var(--gradient-primary);
    border-radius: 0 4px 4px 0;
    animation: slideInLeft 0.3s ease;
}

@keyframes slideInLeft {
    from { transform: translateX(-10px); opacity: 0; }
    to { transform: translateX(0); opacity: 1; }
}

/*old hero start here */
.hero {
    min-height: 100vh;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    position: relative;
    padding: 120px 0 80px;
    overflow: hidden;
}

.hero-background {
    position: absolute;
    top: 0;
    left: 0;
    right: 0;
    bottom: 0;
    pointer-events: none;
}

.gradient-orb {
    position: absolute;
    border-radius: 50%;
    filter: blur(80px);
    opacity: 0.3;
    animation: float 20s ease-in-out infinite;
}

.orb-1 {
    width: 400px;
    height: 400px;
    background: var(--gradient-primary);
    top: 10%;
    left: -10%;
    animation-delay: 0s;
}

.orb-2 {
    width: 300px;
    height: 300px;
    background: var(--gradient-secondary);
    top: 60%;
    right: -10%;
    animation-delay: -10s;
}

.orb-3 {
    width: 200px;
    height: 200px;
    background: var(--gradient-accent);
    bottom: 20%;
    left: 50%;
    animation-delay: -15s;
}

.hero-content {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: 2fr 1.2fr;
    gap: var(--spacing-3xl);
    align-items: start;
    position: relative;
    z-index: 10;
}

.hero-badge {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: var(--spacing-sm);
    background: var(--glass-bg);
    border: 1px solid var(--glass-border);
    padding: var(--spacing-sm) var(--spacing-lg);
    border-radius: 50px;
    color: var(--text-secondary);
    font-size: 0.875rem;
    font-weight: 500;
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-xl);
    backdrop-filter: blur(20px);
    width: fit-content;
}

.hero-title {
    font-size: clamp(2.5rem, 5vw, 3.5rem);
    font-weight: 700;
    line-height: 1.1;
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-xl);
    display: inline;   /* instead of inline-block */
    white-space: normal; /* allow natural wrapping */
}


.title-line {
    display: block;
    opacity: 0;
    transform: translateY(20px);
    animation: slideUp 0.8s ease-out forwards;
    display: inline;   /* instead of inline-block */
    white-space: normal; /* allow natural wrapping */
}

.title-line:nth-child(2) { animation-delay: 0.2s; }
.title-line:nth-child(3) { animation-delay: 0.4s; }

.title-line.highlight {
    background: var(--gradient-primary);
    -webkit-background-clip: text;
    -webkit-text-fill-color: transparent;
    background-clip: text;
}

@keyframes slideUp {
    to {
        opacity: 1;
        transform: translateY(0);
    }
}

.hero-description {
    font-size: 1.125rem;
    color: var(--text-secondary);
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-2xl);
    max-width: 600px;
}

.hero-actions {
    display: flex;
    gap: var(--spacing-lg);
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-2xl);
    flex-wrap: wrap;
}

.btn {
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: var(--spacing-sm);
    padding: var(--spacing-md) var(--spacing-xl);
    border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
    text-decoration: none;
    font-weight: 600;
    transition: all var(--transition-normal);
    cursor: pointer;
    border: none;
    font-family: inherit;
    font-size: 1rem;
}

.btn-primary {
    background: var(--gradient-primary);
    color: white;
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
    background-size: 200% auto;
    transition: all var(--transition-normal), background-position 0.5s ease;
}

.btn-primary:hover {
    transform: translateY(-2px);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-xl);
    background-position: right center;
}

.btn-secondary {
    background: var(--gradient-secondary);
    color: white;
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
    background-size: 200% auto;
    transition: all var(--transition-normal), background-position 0.5s ease;
}

.btn-secondary:hover {
    transform: translateY(-2px);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-xl);
    background-position: right center;
}

.btn-outline {
    background: transparent;
    color: var(--text-primary);
    border: 1px solid var(--glass-border);
}

.btn-outline:hover {
    background: var(--glass-bg);
    transform: translateY(-2px);
}

.btn-sm {
    padding: var(--spacing-sm) var(--spacing-md);
    font-size: 0.875rem;
}

.hero-stats {
    display: flex;
    gap: var(--spacing-2xl);
}

.stat {
    text-align: center;
    opacity: 0;
    transform: translateY(10px);
    transition: opacity 0.6s ease, transform 0.6s ease;
}

.stat.visible {
    opacity: 1;
    transform: translateY(0);
}

.stat-number {
    font-size: 1.5rem;
    font-weight: 700;
    color: var(--accent-primary);
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-xs);
}

.stat-label {
    font-size: 0.875rem;
    color: var(--text-secondary);
}

.hero-sidebar {
    position: sticky;
    top: 100px;
}

.profile-card {
    padding: var(--spacing-xl);
    font-size: 1.1rem;
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-sm);
}

.profile-header {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    align-items: center;
    text-align: center;
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-sm);
}

.profile-avatar {
    position: relative;
    width: 210px;
    height: 240px;
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-md);
}

.profile-avatar img {
    width: 100%;
    height: 100%;
    object-fit: cover;
    border-radius: 12px;
    transition: transform 0.3s ease;
}

.profile-avatar:hover img {
    transform: scale(1.05);
}

.avatar-placeholder {
    width: 100%;
    height: 100%;
    background: var(--gradient-primary);
    border-radius: 12px;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    color: white;
    font-size: 2rem;
    font-weight: 700;
}

.profile-info h3 {
    font-size: 1.6rem;
    font-weight: 700;
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-xs);
}

.profile-info p {
    color: var(--text-secondary);
    transform: scale(1.05);
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-xs);
}

.advisor {
    font-size: 1.1rem;
    color: var(--text-tertiary);
}

.advisor a {
    text-decoration: none;
    color: inherit;
    font-weight: inherit;         /* inherit normal weight initially */
    transition: color 0.3s ease, font-weight 0.3s ease;
}

.advisor a:hover {
    color: var(--accent-primary);
}

.profile-details {
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-sm);
}

.detail-item {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: var(--spacing-md);
    padding: var(--spacing-sm) 0;
    color: var(--text-secondary);
    font-size: 1rem;
}

.detail-item i {
    color: var(--accent-primary);
    width: 20px;
}

.profile-social {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: center;
    gap: var(--spacing-xl);
}

.social-link {
    width: 55px;
    height: 55px;
    background: var(--glass-bg);
    border: 1px solid var(--glass-border);
    border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    color: var(--text-primary);
    text-decoration: none;
    transition: all var(--transition-fast);
    font-size: 1.25rem;
}

.social-link:hover {
    transform: translateY(-2px);
    color: var(--accent-primary);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
}

/* Section Styles */
.section {
    padding: var(--spacing-2xl) 0;
    box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,0.6);
    scroll-margin-top: 50px; /* match or slightly exceed your header height */
}

.section:not(:first-child)::before {
    content: '';
    position: absolute;
    top: 0;
    left: 50%;
    transform: translateX(-50%);
    width: 60px;
    height: 1px;
    background: linear-gradient(90deg, transparent, var(--glass-border), transparent);
}


[data-theme="dark"] .section {
        box-shadow: none;
    }
    
[data-theme="dark"].section:not(:first-child)::before {
        content: none;
    }


.section-header {
    text-align: center;
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-2xl);
}

.section-title {
    font-size: clamp(2rem, 4vw, 3rem);
    font-weight: 700;
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-md);
    background: var(--gradient-primary);
    -webkit-background-clip: text;
    -webkit-text-fill-color: transparent;
    background-clip: text;
    position: relative;
    display: inline-block;
}

.section-title::after {
    content: '';
    position: absolute;
    bottom: -8px;
    left: 50%;
    transform: translateX(-50%);
    width: 0;
    height: 3px;
    background: var(--gradient-primary);
    transition: width 0.5s ease;
    border-radius: 2px;
}

.section-title:hover::after {
    width: 60%;
}

.section-description {
    font-size: 1.125rem;
    color: var(--text-secondary);
    max-width: 600px;
    margin: 0 auto;
}

@media (max-width: 600px) {
    .section-description {
            font-size: 1rem;
        }
}


/* About Section Styles */
.about-section {
    background: var(--bg-secondary);
}

.about-content {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    gap: var(--spacing-xl);
    align-items: start;
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-lg);

}

.about-text {
    padding: var(--spacing-xl);
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-lg);
    border-left: 3px solid transparent;
}
.about-text:hover {
    transform: translateY(-5px);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-xl);
    border-left: 3px solid var(--accent-primary);
}

.about-intro {
    font-size: 1.125rem;
    line-height: 1.7;
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-lg);
    color: var(--text-primary);
}

.about-description {
    color: var(--text-secondary);
    line-height: 1.6;
    margin-bottom: 0;
}

.advisor-link {
    color: var(--accent-primary);
    text-decoration: none;
    font-weight: 600;
    transition: color var(--transition-fast);
}

.advisor-link:hover {
    color: var(--accent-secondary);
    text-decoration: underline;
}

.education-timeline {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: var(--spacing-md);
}


.timeline-item {
    padding: var(--spacing-lg);
    position: relative;
    transition: all var(--transition-normal);
    display: flex;
    gap: var(--spacing-lg);
    align-items: flex-start;
    border-left: 3px solid transparent;

}

.timeline-item:hover {
    transform: translateY(-3px);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-xl);
    border-left: 3px solid var(--accent-primary);
}

.timeline-icon {
    width: 50px;
    height: 50px;
    background: var(--gradient-accent);
    border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    color: white;
    font-size: 1.125rem;
    flex-shrink: 0;
}

.timeline-content {
    flex: 1;
}

.timeline-header {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: space-between;
    align-items: flex-start;
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-sm);
    flex-wrap: wrap;
    gap: var(--spacing-sm);
}

.timeline-header h3 {
    font-size: 1.125rem;
    font-weight: 600;
    margin: 0;
    color: var(--text-primary);
}

.timeline-date {
    background: var(--accent-tertiary);
    color: white;
    padding: var(--spacing-xs) var(--spacing-sm);
    border-radius: var(--radius-md);
    font-size: 0.75rem;
    font-weight: 500;
    white-space: nowrap;
}

.timeline-institution {
    font-weight: 500;
    color: var(--accent-primary);
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-xs);
    font-size: 0.95rem;
}

.timeline-institution a {
    color: inherit;       /* Keep the color same as parent */
    text-decoration: none; /* Optional: remove underline */
}

.timeline-institution a:hover {
    font-weight: 600;
}

.timeline-details {
    color: var(--text-secondary);
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-xs);
    font-size: 0.95rem;
    line-height: 1.5;
}

.no-break {
  display: inline-block;   /* keeps phrase together */
  white-space: normal;     /* allows wrapping to next line */
}


.timeline-advisor {
    color: var(--text-tertiary);
    font-size: 0.875rem;
    font-style: italic;
}

.timeline-advisor a {
    color: inherit;
    text-decoration: none;
}

.timeline-advisor a:hover {
    color: var(--accent-primary);
    font-weight: 600;
}

/* Awards Section Styles */
.awards-section {
    margin-top: var(--spacing-2xl);
}

.awards-header {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: var(--spacing-md);
    padding: var(--spacing-lg);
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-lg);
    border-radius: var(--radius-xl);
}

.awards-icon {
    width: 50px;
    height: 50px;
    background: var(--gradient-accent);
    border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    color: white;
    font-size: 1.125rem;
    flex-shrink: 0;
}

.awards-header h3 {
    font-size: 1.25rem;
    font-weight: 600;
    margin: 0;
    color: var(--text-primary);
}

.awards-grid {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: var(--spacing-md);
}

.award-item {
    padding: var(--spacing-lg);
    display: flex;
    gap: var(--spacing-md);
    align-items: flex-start;
    transition: all var(--transition-normal);
}

.award-item:hover {
    transform: translateY(-2px);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-lg);
}

.award-item .award-icon {
    width: 40px;
    height: 40px;
    background: var(--gradient-secondary);
    border-radius: var(--radius-md);
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    color: white;
    font-size: 1rem;
    flex-shrink: 0;
}

.award-content h4 {
    font-size: 1rem;
    font-weight: 600;
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-xs);
    color: var(--text-primary);
}

.award-year {
    font-size: 0.875rem;
    color: var(--accent-primary);
    font-weight: 500;
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-xs);
}

.award-desc {
    font-size: 0.875rem;
    color: var(--text-secondary);
    margin: 0;
    line-height: 1.4;
}

@media (max-width: 768px) {
    .awards-header {
        flex-direction: column;
        text-align: center;
        gap: var(--spacing-sm);
    }
    
    .award-item {
        flex-direction: column;
        text-align: center;
        align-items: center;
    }
    
    .award-content {
        text-align: center;
    }
}

/* Research Experience Styles */
.research-experiences {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: var(--spacing-xs);
}

.research-item {
    padding: var(--spacing-sm) 0;
    border-bottom: 5px solid var(--glass-border);
}

.research-item:last-child {
    border-bottom: none;
    padding-bottom: 0;
}

.research-header {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: space-between;
    align-items: center;
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-xs);
    gap: var(--spacing-sm);
}

.research-title {
    font-weight: 600;
    color: var(--text-primary);
    font-size: 0.95rem;
}

.research-period {
    background: var(--accent-tertiary);
    color: white;
    padding: 2px var(--spacing-sm);
    border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
    font-size: 0.7rem;
    font-weight: 500;
    white-space: nowrap;
}

.research-desc {
    color: var(--text-secondary);
    font-size: 0.95rem;
    line-height: 1.4;
    margin: 0;
}

/* Responsive Design for About Section */
@media (max-width: 1024px) {
    .about-content {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
        gap: var(--spacing-xl);
    }
}

@media (max-width: 768px) {
    .timeline-item {
        flex-direction: column;
        text-align: center;
        gap: var(--spacing-md);
    }
    
    .timeline-header {
        justify-content: center;
        text-align: center;
    }
    
    .timeline-icon {
        align-self: center;
    }

    .timeline-content {
        align-self: center;
    }

    .timeline-details, .timeline-advisor  {
        text-align: left;
    }

    .about-description.short {
        max-height: 4.5rem;      /* height for ~3 lines */
        overflow: hidden;
        text-overflow: ellipsis;
        display: -webkit-box;
        -webkit-line-clamp: 3;   /* show only 3 lines */
        line-clamp: 3;
        -webkit-box-orient: vertical;
        transition: max-height 0.3s ease;
    }

    .about-description.short.expanded {
        max-height: 1000px; /* plenty of space when expanded */
        -webkit-line-clamp: unset; /* remove clamp */
        line-clamp: 3;
    }

    /* Center the button container */
    #aboutToggle {
        display: inline-block;
        margin-top: 0.5rem;
    }
    .read-more-container {
        text-align: center;
    }
    

    .research-header {
        flex-direction: column;
        text-align: center;
        gap: var(--spacing-xs);
    }
    
    .research-item {
        text-align: left;
    }
}

@media (min-width: 769px) {
    .read-more-container {
        display: none;
    }
}

@media (max-width: 480px) {
    .about-text,
    .timeline-item {
        padding: var(--spacing-md);
    }
    
    .timeline-header {
        flex-direction: column;
        align-items: center;
    }
}

/* Research Section */
.research-grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(350px, 1fr));
    gap: var(--spacing-xl);
}

.research-card {
    padding: var(--spacing-2xl);
    transition: all var(--transition-normal);
    position: relative;
    overflow: hidden;
    border-left: 3px solid transparent;
}

.research-card:hover {
    transform: translateY(-5px);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-xl);
    border-left: 3px solid var(--accent-primary);
}

.card-icon {
    width: 55px;
    height: 55px;
    background: var(--gradient-accent);
    border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    color: white;
    font-size: 1.5rem;
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-lg);
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
}

.research-card:hover .card-icon {
    box-shadow: 0 0 15px rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.4);
}

.research-card h3 {
    font-size: 1.25rem;
    font-weight: 600;
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-md);
}

.research-card p {
    color: var(--text-secondary);
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-lg);
    line-height: 1.6;
}

.card-tags {
    display: flex;
    gap: var(--spacing-sm);
    flex-wrap: wrap;
}

.tag {
    background: var(--glass-bg);
    border: 1px solid var(--glass-border);
    padding: var(--spacing-xs) var(--spacing-md);
    border-radius: 50px;
    font-size: 0.75rem;
    font-weight: 500;
    color: var(--text-secondary);
}

/* Publications Section */

.publications-section {
    background: var(--bg-secondary);
}

.publications-container {
    max-width: 1200px;
    margin: 0 auto;
}

.publication-item {
    padding: var(--spacing-xl);
    border-left: 3px solid transparent;
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-lg);
    transition: all var(--transition-normal);
    position: relative;
    counter-reset: pub;

}

.publication-item h3::before {
    counter-increment: pub;
    content: "[" counter(pub) "] ";
    font-weight: 600;
}

.publication-item:hover {
    transform: translateY(-3px);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-xl);
    border-left: 3px solid var(--accent-primary);
}

.pub-header {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: space-between;
    align-items: center;
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-md);
}

.pub-type {
    background: var(--gradient-primary);
    -webkit-background-clip: text;
    -webkit-text-fill-color: transparent;
    background-clip: text;
    font-weight: 650;
    font-size: 1.25rem;
}

.pub-year {
    color: var(--text-tertiary);
    font-weight: 500;
    font-size: 0.875rem;
}

.publication-item h3 {
    font-size: 1.125rem;
    font-weight: 600;
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-sm);
    line-height: 1.4;
    padding-left: 2em;
    text-indent: -2em;
}

.authors {
    color: var(--text-secondary);
    font-size: 0.875rem;
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-xs);
    padding-left: 2.5em;
}

.authors strong {
    color: var(--accent-primary);
}

.journal {
    color: var(--text-secondary);
    font-size: 0.875rem;
    font-style: italic;
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-xs);
    padding-left: 2.5em;
}

.abstract {
    color: var(--text-secondary);
    font-size: 0.875rem;
    margin-top: var(--spacing-sm);
    line-height: 1.5;
}

.pub-status {
    position: absolute;
    top: var(--spacing-md);
    right: var(--spacing-md);
    padding: var(--spacing-xs) var(--spacing-sm);
    border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
    font-size: 0.75rem;
    font-weight: 500;
    color: white;
}

.pub-status {
    background: var(--accent-success);
}

.pub-status.published {
    background: var(--accent-primary);
}

.pub-status.completed {
    background: var(--accent-tertiary);
}

.doi {
    color: var(--accent-primary);
    text-decoration: none;
    font-size: 0.875rem;
    font-weight: 500;
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: var(--spacing-xs);
    padding-left: 2.5em;
}

.doi:hover {
    text-decoration: underline;
}

/* Projects Section */
.projects-grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(380px, 1fr));
    gap: var(--spacing-xl);
}

.project-card {
    padding: 0;
    overflow: hidden;
    transition: all var(--transition-normal);
    border-bottom: 3px solid transparent;
}

.project-card:hover {
    transform: translateY(-5px);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-xl);
    transform: translateY(-5px) rotateX(2deg);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-xl), 0 0 20px rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.1);
    border-bottom: 3px solid var(--accent-primary);
}

.project-image {
/* allow the image box to grow but constrain max to keep layout tidy */
height: auto;
max-height: 340px;
background: var(--bg-secondary);
position: relative;
overflow: hidden;
}

.project-image img {
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
object-fit: contain;   /* show entire image */
object-position: center;
display: block;
}


.project-card:hover .project-image img {
    transform: scale(1.05);
}

.image-overlay {
    position: absolute;
    top: 0;
    left: 0;
    right: 0;
    bottom: 0;
    background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    opacity: 0;
    transition: all var(--transition-normal);
}

.project-card:hover .image-overlay {
    opacity: 1;
}

.overlay-btn {
    background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9);
    border: none;
    width: 50px;
    height: 50px;
    border-radius: 50%;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    cursor: pointer;
    transition: all var(--transition-fast);
}

.overlay-btn:hover {
    transform: scale(1.1);
    background: white;
}

.project-content {
    padding: var(--spacing-xl);
}

.project-content h3 {
    font-size: 1.25rem;
    font-weight: 600;
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-md);
}

.project-content p {
    color: var(--text-secondary);
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-lg);
    line-height: 1.6;
}

.project-tech {
    display: flex;
    gap: var(--spacing-sm);
    flex-wrap: wrap;
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-lg);
}

.tech-tag {
    background: var(--accent-tertiary);
    color: white;
    padding: var(--spacing-xs) var(--spacing-sm);
    border-radius: var(--radius-md);
    font-size: 0.75rem;
    font-weight: 500;
    font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
    cursor: default;
}

.tech-tag:hover {
    box-shadow: 0 0 15px rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.5);
    transform: translateY(-2px);
}

.project-actions {
    display: flex;
    gap: var(--spacing-md);
}

/* Gallery Section Styles */

.gallery-container {
    padding: var(--spacing-xl);
    position: relative;
    overflow: hidden;
    justify-content: center; /* center the carousel within the container */
}

#galleryCarousel {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    transition: transform 0.3s ease-out;
    will-change: transform;
}

.gallery-carousel {
    display: flex;
    transition: transform 0.3s ease-out;
    gap: var(--spacing-lg);
    align-items: center;
    min-height: 280px;
}
.gallery-item {
    flex: 0 0 300px;
    height: 240px;
    border-radius: var(--radius-xl);
    overflow: hidden;
    position: relative;
    cursor: pointer;
    transition: all var(--transition-normal);
    transform-origin: center center; /* scaling won’t push them up */
    background: var(--glass-bg);
    border: 1px solid var(--glass-border);
    backdrop-filter: blur(10px);
    margin: 0;
}

.gallery-item:hover {
    transform: translateY(-8px) scale(1.02);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-xl);
}

.gallery-item.active {
    flex: 0 0 320px;
    height: 260px;
    border: 2px solid var(--accent-primary);
    box-shadow: 0 0 30px rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.3);
}

.gallery-item img {
    width: 100%;
    height: 100%;
    object-fit: cover;
    transition: transform var(--transition-normal);
}

.gallery-item:hover img {
    transform: scale(1.05);
}

.gallery-placeholder {
    width: 100%;
    height: 100%;
    background: var(--gradient-primary);
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    color: white;
    gap: var(--spacing-sm);
}

.gallery-placeholder i {
    font-size: 2rem;
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-sm);
}

.gallery-placeholder span {
    font-weight: 600;
    font-size: 1.125rem;
}

.gallery-caption {
    position: absolute;
    bottom: 0;
    left: 0;
    right: 0;
    background: linear-gradient(transparent, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8));
    color: white;
    padding: var(--spacing-lg) var(--spacing-md) var(--spacing-md);
    font-size: 0.875rem;
    font-weight: 500;
    text-align: center;
    transform: translateY(100%);
    transition: transform var(--transition-normal);
}

.gallery-item:hover .gallery-caption {
    transform: translateY(0);
}

.gallery-controls {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    gap: var(--spacing-xl);
    margin-top: var(--spacing-xl);
    flex-wrap: wrap;
}

.gallery-btn {
    width: 45px;
    height: 45px;
    border-radius: var(--radius-xl);
    background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);
    border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.2);
    backdrop-filter: blur(15px) saturate(180%);
    -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(15px) saturate(180%);
    color: var(--text-primary);
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    cursor: pointer;
    transition: all var(--transition-normal);
    box-shadow: 0 8px 32px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
}

.gallery-btn:hover {
    background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.2);
    border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3);
    color: var(--accent-primary);
    transform: translateY(-2px) scale(1.05);
    box-shadow: 0 12px 40px rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.15);
    backdrop-filter: blur(20px) saturate(200%);
    -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(20px) saturate(200%);
}

.gallery-dots {
    display: flex;
    gap: var(--spacing-sm);
    align-items: center;
    position: relative;
    padding: var(--spacing-sm) 0;
}

.gallery-dot {
    width: 10px;
    height: 10px;
    border-radius: 50%;
    background: var(--text-tertiary);
    cursor: pointer;
    transition: all var(--transition-fast);
    position: relative;
    opacity: 0.5;
}

.gallery-dot.active {
    background: var(--accent-primary);
    transform: scale(1.3);
    opacity: 1;
    box-shadow: 0 0 10px rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.4);
    animation: dotPulse 2s ease-in-out infinite;
}

.gallery-dot:hover {
    background: var(--accent-secondary);
    transform: scale(1.2);
    opacity: 0.8;
}

/* Progress bar for large galleries */
.gallery-progress-bar {
    position: absolute;
    bottom: -2px;
    left: 0;
    height: 2px;
    background: linear-gradient(90deg, var(--accent-primary), var(--accent-secondary));
    border-radius: 1px;
    transition: width var(--transition-normal);
    opacity: 0.6;
}

/* Gallery counter for large collections */
.gallery-counter {
    font-size: 0.75rem;
    color: var(--text-secondary);
    margin-left: var(--spacing-md);
    font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;
    background: var(--glass-bg);
    padding: var(--spacing-xs) var(--spacing-sm);
    border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
    border: 1px solid var(--glass-border);
}

/* Enhanced dot styles for better UX */
.gallery-dot::before {
    content: '';
    position: absolute;
    top: -5px;
    left: -5px;
    right: -5px;
    bottom: -5px;
    border-radius: 50%;
    background: transparent;
    transition: background var(--transition-fast);
}

.gallery-dot:hover::before {
    background: rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.1);
}

/* Dot animation for smooth transitions */
@keyframes dotPulse {
    0%, 100% { 
        transform: scale(1.2);
        box-shadow: 0 0 15px rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.6);
    }
    50% { 
        transform: scale(1.4);
        box-shadow: 0 0 20px rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.8);
    }
}

.gallery-dot.active.pulse {
    animation: dotPulse 0.3s ease-out;
}

/* Modal for enlarged gallery images */
.gallery-modal {
    display: none;
    position: fixed;
    z-index: 2000;
    left: 0;
    top: 0;
    width: 100%;
    height: 100%;
    background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85);
    backdrop-filter: blur(5px);
    padding: var(--spacing-xl);
}

/* Light mode modal background adjustment — lighter glass overlay (replaces dark look) */
[data-theme="light"] .gallery-modal {
    background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.4); /* soft light overlay */
    backdrop-filter: blur(6px) saturate(120%);
    -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(6px) saturate(120%);
}

/* Dark mode modal background */
[data-theme="dark"] .gallery-modal {
    background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);
}

.gallery-modal-content {
    position: relative;
    max-width: 90%;
    max-height: 90%;
    margin: auto;
    top: 50%;
    transform: translateY(-50%);
    background: var(--glass-bg);
    border-radius: var(--radius-xl);
    padding: var(--spacing-lg);
    border: 1px solid var(--glass-border);
    backdrop-filter: blur(20px);
}

.gallery-modal img {
    width: 100%;
    height: auto;
    max-height: 70vh;
    object-fit: contain;
    border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
}

.gallery-modal-caption {
    text-align: center;
    margin-top: var(--spacing-md);
    color: var(--text-primary);
    font-size: 1.125rem;
    font-weight: 500;
}

.gallery-modal-close {
    position: absolute;
    top: 15px;
    right: 20px;
    font-size: 28px;
    font-weight: bold;
    color: var(--text-primary);
    cursor: pointer;
    background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.4);
    border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5);
    backdrop-filter: blur(15px) saturate(180%);
    -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(15px) saturate(180%);
    border-radius: var(--radius-xl);
    width: 40px;
    height: 40px;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    transition: all var(--transition-normal);
    box-shadow: 0 8px 32px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
}

.gallery-modal-close:hover {
    background: rgba(239, 68, 68, 0.8);
    border: 1px solid rgba(239, 68, 68, 0.3);
    color: var(--accent-error);
    transform: scale(1.05);
    box-shadow: 0 12px 40px rgba(239, 68, 68, 0.5);
    backdrop-filter: blur(20px) saturate(200%);
    -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(20px) saturate(200%);
}

/* Modal Navigation Controls */
.gallery-modal-nav {
    position: absolute;
    top: 50%;
    transform: translateY(-50%);
    background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.4);
    border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5);
    backdrop-filter: blur(15px) saturate(180%);
    -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(15px) saturate(180%);
    color: var(--text-primary);
    width: 50px;
    height: 50px;
    border-radius: var(--radius-xl);
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    cursor: pointer;
    transition: all var(--transition-normal);
    font-size: 1.125rem;
    z-index: 10;
    box-shadow: 0 8px 32px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
}

.gallery-modal-prev {
    left: 20px;
}

.gallery-modal-next {
    right: 20px;
}

.gallery-modal-nav:hover {
    background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.6);
    border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.7);
    color: var(--accent-primary);
    transform: translateY(-50%) scale(1.05);
    box-shadow: 0 12px 40px rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.9);
    backdrop-filter: blur(20px) saturate(200%);
    -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(20px) saturate(200%);
}

.gallery-modal-nav:disabled {
    opacity: 0.3;
    cursor: not-allowed;
    pointer-events: none;
}

/* Modal Counter */
.gallery-modal-counter {
    position: absolute;
    bottom: 60px;
    left: 50%;
    transform: translateX(-50%);
    background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.75);
    backdrop-filter: blur(15px) saturate(180%);
    -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(15px) saturate(180%);
    border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3);
    padding: var(--spacing-xs) var(--spacing-md);
    border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
    color: rgb(8, 8, 8);
    font-size: 1rem;
    font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;
    opacity: 0.75;
    transition: opacity var(--transition-normal);
}

.gallery-modal-counter:hover {
    opacity: 1;
}

/* Keyboard navigation hints */
.gallery-modal-hint {
    position: absolute;
    bottom: 20px;
    left: 50%;
    transform: translateX(-50%);
    background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.05);
    backdrop-filter: blur(10px);
    -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(10px);
    border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);
    padding: var(--spacing-xs) var(--spacing-md);
    border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
    color: var(--text-secondary);
    font-size: 0.75rem;
    text-align: center;
    opacity: 0.5;
    pointer-events: none;
    transition: opacity var(--transition-slow);
}

/* Mobile responsive modal navigation */
@media (max-width: 768px) {
    .gallery-modal-nav {
        width: 44px;
        height: 44px;
        font-size: 1rem;
    }
    
    .gallery-modal-prev {
        left: 15px;
    }
    
    .gallery-modal-next {
        right: 15px;
    }
    
    .gallery-modal-counter {
        bottom: 80px;
        font-size: 0.8rem;
    }
}

/* Animation for modal navigation */
@keyframes modalSlideIn {
    from { opacity: 0; transform: translateX(-10px); }
    to { opacity: 1; transform: translateX(0); }
}

.gallery-modal-content img {
    animation: modalSlideIn 0.3s ease-out;
}

/* Responsive Design for Gallery */
@media (max-width: 768px) {
    .gallery-item {
        flex: 0 0 250px;
        height: 200px;
    }
    
    .gallery-item.active {
        flex: 0 0 270px;
        height: 220px;
    }
    
    .gallery-controls {
        gap: var(--spacing-md);
    }
    
    .gallery-btn {
        width: 40px;
        height: 40px;
    }
    
    .gallery-container {
        padding: var(--spacing-md);
    }
}

@media (max-width: 480px) {
    .gallery-item {
        flex: 0 0 200px;
        height: 160px;
    }
    
    .gallery-item.active {
        flex: 0 0 220px;
        height: 180px;
    }
    
    .gallery-carousel {
        min-height: 200px;
        gap: var(--spacing-md);
    }
    
    .gallery-modal {
        padding: var(--spacing-md);
    }
}

/* Auto-scroll animation */
@keyframes gallerySlide {
    0% { transform: translateX(0); }
    20% { transform: translateX(0); }
    25% { transform: translateX(-25%); }
    45% { transform: translateX(-25%); }
    50% { transform: translateX(-50%); }
    70% { transform: translateX(-50%); }
    75% { transform: translateX(-75%); }
    95% { transform: translateX(-75%); }
    100% { transform: translateX(0); }
}

.gallery-carousel.auto-scroll {
    animation: gallerySlide 12s ease-in-out infinite;
}

.gallery-carousel.paused {
    animation-play-state: paused;
}

/* Skills Section */

.skills-section {
    background: var(--bg-secondary);
}

.skills-grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(300px, 1fr));
    gap: var(--spacing-lg);
}


.skill-category {
    padding: var(--spacing-lg);
    transition: all var(--transition-normal);
    text-align: center;       /* center text content */
    display: flex;            /* allow vertical alignment */
    flex-direction: column;   /* keep items stacked */
    align-items: center;      /* center icons, text, etc. horizontally */
    border-left: 3px solid transparent;

}

.skill-category:hover {
    transform: translateY(-5px);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-xl);
    border-left: 3px solid var(--accent-primary);
}

.skill-icon {
    width: 50px;
    height: 50px;
    background: var(--gradient-accent);
    border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    color: white;
    font-size: 1.25rem;
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-md);
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
}

.skill-category:hover .skill-icon {
   box-shadow: 0 0 15px rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.4);
}

.skill-category h3 {
    font-size: 1.125rem;
    font-weight: 600;
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-md);
}

.skill-items {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: var(--spacing-md);
    align-items: center;
}

.skill-item {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: var(--spacing-sm);
}

.skill-name {
    font-weight: 500;
    color: var(--text-primary);
}

/* Contact Section */
.contact {
    background: var(--bg-secondary);
}

.contact-info {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(250px, 1fr));
    gap: var(--spacing-xl);
}

.contact-item {
    padding: var(--spacing-xl);
    text-align: center;
    transition: all var(--transition-normal);
    border-bottom: 3px solid transparent;
}

.contact-item:hover {
    transform: translateY(-5px);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-xl);
    border-bottom: 3px solid var(--accent-primary);
}

.contact-item:hover .icon {
    box-shadow: 0 0 15px rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.4);
}

.contact-item .icon {
    width: 60px;
    height: 60px;
    background: var(--gradient-accent);
    border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    color: white;
    font-size: 1.5rem;
    margin: 0 auto var(--spacing-md);
}

.contact-item h3 {
    font-size: 1.125rem;
    font-weight: 600;
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-sm);
}

.contact-item p {
    color: var(--text-secondary);
}

.contact-item a {
    color: var(--accent-primary);
    text-decoration: none;
}

.contact-item a:hover {
    text-decoration: underline;
}

.copy-btn {
    background: none;
    border: none;
    color: var(--text-tertiary);
    margin-left: 8px;
    cursor: pointer;
    font-size: 0.8rem;
    transition: color 0.2s;
    opacity: 0.7;
}

.copy-btn:hover {
    color: var(--accent-primary);
    opacity: 1;
}

.toast {
    position: fixed;
    bottom: 20px;
    left: 50%;
    transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(100px);
    background: var(--glass-bg);
    backdrop-filter: blur(20px);
    border: 1px solid var(--glass-border);
    color: var(--text-primary);
    padding: 12px 24px;
    border-radius: 25px;
    font-size: 0.875rem;
    font-weight: 500;
    z-index: 10000;
    opacity: 0;
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
}

.toast.show {
    opacity: 1;
    transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(0);
}

@keyframes cardFloat {
    0%, 100% { transform: translateY(0px); }
    50% { transform: translateY(-5px); }
}

.section-subtitle {
    font-size: 1.1rem;
    color: var(--accent-primary);
    font-weight: 600;
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-sm);
    text-transform: uppercase;
    letter-spacing: 0.5px;
}

h1, h2, h3 {
    font-feature-settings: "liga" 1, "kern" 1;
    text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;
}

.btn {
    position: relative;
    overflow: hidden;
}

.btn::before {
    content: '';
    position: absolute;
    top: 0;
    left: -100%;
    width: 100%;
    height: 100%;
    background: linear-gradient(90deg, transparent, rgba(255,255,255,0.2), transparent);
    transition: left 0.5s;
}

.btn:hover::before {
    left: 100%;
}

/* Mobile Contact Layout */
@media (max-width: 768px) {
    .contact-info {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
        gap: var(--spacing-md);
    }
    
    .contact-item {
        display: flex;
        align-items: center;
        gap: var(--spacing-md);
        padding: var(--spacing-md);
        text-align: left;
    }

    .contact-item .icon {
        width: 45px;
        height: 45px;
        margin: 0;
        flex-shrink: 0;
        font-size: 1.125rem;
        display: flex;
        flex-direction: column;
        align-items: center;
        justify-content: center;
    }

    .contact-item h3 {
    font-size: 1rem;
    margin-bottom: 0;
    }

    .contact-content {
        flex: 1;
        display: flex;
        flex-direction: column;
        gap: var(--spacing-xs);
    }

    .contact-label {
        order: 1;
    }

    .contact-details {
        order: 2;
    }
}

/* Footer */
footer {
    background: var(--bg-secondary);
    border-top: 1px solid var(--glass-border);
    padding: var(--spacing-xl) 0;
    text-align: center;
}

.social-links {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: center;
    gap: var(--spacing-lg);
    margin-bottom: var(--spacing-lg);
}

.social-links a {
    width: 50px;
    height: 50px;
    background: var(--glass-bg);
    border: 1px solid var(--glass-border);
    border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    color: var(--text-primary);
    text-decoration: none;
    transition: all var(--transition-fast);
    font-size: 1.25rem;
}

.social-links a:hover {
    transform: translateY(-3px);
    color: var(--accent-primary);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow-lg);
}

.scroll-progress {
    position: fixed;
    top: 0;
    left: 0;
    width: 0%;
    height: 2px;
    background: var(--accent-primary);
    z-index: 9998;
    transition: width 0.1s ease;
}

/* Responsive Design */
@media (max-width: 1200px) {
    .nav-menu {
        display: none;
    }

    .mobile-menu-toggle {
        display: flex;
    }
}

@media (max-width: 1024px) {
    .hero-content {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
        gap: var(--spacing-2xl);
    }

    .hero-sidebar {
        position: static;
    }

    .contact-info {
        grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr);
    }

    .nav-menu {
        display: none;
    }

    .mobile-menu-toggle {
        display: flex;
    }
}

@media (max-width: 768px) {
    .nav-menu {
        display: none;
    }

    .mobile-menu-toggle {
        display: flex;
    }

    .hero {
        padding: 100px 0 60px;
    }

    .hero-actions {
        flex-direction: column;
    }

    .hero-stats {
        gap: var(--spacing-lg);
    }

    .about-intro,
    .about-description {
        font-size: 0.95rem;   /* slightly smaller text */
        line-height: 1.55;    /* tighten line spacing */
    }

    .research-grid,
    .projects-grid,
    .skills-grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    }

    .contact-info {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    }

    .section {
        padding: var(--spacing-xl) 0;
    }

    .glass { backdrop-filter: blur(10px); }
}

@media (max-width: 480px) {
    .container {
        padding: 0 var(--spacing-md);
    }

    .nav-container {
        padding: 0 var(--spacing-md);
    }

    .about-intro, .about-description {
        font-size: 0.88rem;   /* slightly smaller */
        line-height: 1.45;
    }
    .about-text { padding: 0.85rem; } /* reduce padding on mobile */


    .profile-card,
    .research-card,
    .skill-category,
    .contact-item,
    .publication-item {
        padding: var(--spacing-md);
    }

    .project-content {
        padding: var(--spacing-md);
    }

    .project-image { height: 220px; } /* adjust so project cards remain balanced */
}

/* Animations */
@keyframes fadeInUp {
    from {
        opacity: 0;
        transform: translateY(30px);
    }
    to {
        opacity: 1;
        transform: translateY(0);
    }
}

.fade-in-up {
    animation: fadeInUp 0.8s ease-out forwards;
}

/* Scroll animations */
.reveal {
    opacity: 0;
    transform: translateY(30px);
    transition: all 0.8s ease-out;
}

.reveal.visible {
    opacity: 1;
    transform: translateY(0);
}

/* Loading animation for skill bars */
.skill-progress {
    width: 0 !important;
    transition: width 1.5s ease-in-out;
}

.skill-progress.animate {
    width: var(--progress-width) !important;
}


.modal {
    display: none;
    position: fixed;
    z-index: 1000;
    padding-top: 50px;
    left: 0; top: 0;
    width: 100%; height: 100%;
    background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.85);
}

.modal-content {
    display: block;
    margin: auto;
    max-width: 90%;
    max-height: 90%;
}

.close {
    position: absolute;
    top: 20px; right: 35px;
    font-size: 40px;
    font-weight: bold;
    color: #fff;
    cursor: pointer;
}


/* ----------------------------
Mobile & Tablet Optimizations
----------------------------- */

/* Tablet and small laptop adjustments (≤ 768px) */
@media (max-width: 768px) {

    /* Navigation menu links larger for touch */
    .nav-link {
        display: block;
        padding: 1rem;
        font-size: 1.1rem;
        text-align: center;
    }

    /* Hero section spacing reduced */
    .hero {
        padding: 100px 0 60px;
    }

    /* Hero stats more compact */
    .hero-stats {
        gap: var(--spacing-lg);
    }

    /* Ensure grids stack for better fit */
    .research-grid,
    .projects-grid,
    .skills-grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    }

    /* Contact section in single column */
    .contact-info {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    }

    /* Section padding slightly reduced */
    .section {
        padding: var(--spacing-xl) 0;
    }
    .floating-nav {
        bottom: 80px; /* Move up to avoid mobile browser UI */
        right: 15px;
    }
    
    .scroll-btn {
        width: 42px;
        height: 42px; /* Slightly larger for better touch targets */
    }

}

/* Small phone optimizations (≤ 480px) */
@media (max-width: 480px) {

    /* Container padding narrower */
    .container {
        padding: 0 var(--spacing-md);
    }

    /* Hero tighter padding */
    .hero {
        padding: 100px 0 40px;
    }

    /* Reduce big heading size */
    .hero-title {
        font-size: 2rem;
    }

    /* Stack hero stats vertically */
    .hero-stats {
        flex-direction: column;
        align-items: center;
        gap: 1rem;
    }

    /* Project & research cards in single column */
    .research-grid,
    .projects-grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    }

    /* Make images fully responsive */
    img {
        max-width: 100%;
        height: auto;
    }

    /* Profile card and cards with smaller padding */
    .profile-card,
    .research-card,
    .skill-category,
    .contact-item,
    .publication-item {
        padding: var(--spacing-md);
    }

    /* Project content tighter */
    .project-content {
        padding: var(--spacing-md);
    }
}

/* Mobile Menu Styles */

@media (max-width: 1200px) {
    .nav-menu {
        position: fixed;
        top: 70px; /* height of navbar */
        left: 0;
        width: 100%;
        flex-direction: column;
        align-items: center;
        gap: 1rem;
        padding: 1rem 0;
        transform: translateY(-20px);
        opacity: 0;
        visibility: hidden;
        transition: all 0.3s ease;
        z-index: 999;
    }

    .nav-menu.active {
        transform: translateY(0);
        opacity: 1;
        visibility: visible;
    }

    .nav-link {
        font-size: 1.1rem;
        color: var(--text-primary);
        padding: 0.5rem 1rem;
        width: 100%;
        text-align: center;
        border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
        transition: background 0.2s ease;
    }

    .nav-link:hover {
        background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.05);
    }
}

/* Light mode mobile menu */
@media (max-width: 1200px) {
    .nav-menu {
        background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.8);
        backdrop-filter: blur(100px) saturate(180%);
        -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(100px) saturate(180%);
        border-top: 1px solid var(--glass-border);
        border: 1px solid rgb(255, 255, 255, 0.2);
        background: linear-gradient(
            135deg,
            rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.7) 0%,
            rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9) 100%
        );
    }

    /* Dark mode mobile menu */

    [data-theme="dark"] .nav-menu {
        background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8);
        backdrop-filter: blur(100px) saturate(180%);
        -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(100px) saturate(180%);
        border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
        background: linear-gradient(
            135deg,
            rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7) 0%,
            rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9) 100%
        );
    }
}

@media (max-width: 768px) {
    /* Contact cards container */
    #contact .contact-cards {
        gap: 0.8rem; /* less gap between cards */
    }

    /* Each card */
    #contact .contact-card {
        padding: 0.6rem 0.8rem; /* smaller padding */
        font-size: 0.8rem; /* smaller overall text size */
    }

    /* Icons inside cards */
    #contact .contact-card i,
    #contact .contact-card svg {
        font-size: 1.2rem; /* smaller icon */
        margin-bottom: 0.4rem;
    }

    /* Card headings */
    #contact .contact-card h3 {
        font-size: 0.9rem;
        margin-bottom: 0.2rem;
    }

    /* Card paragraph text */
    #contact .contact-card p {
        font-size: 0.75rem;
        margin: 0;
    }
}

/* Floating Navigation Buttons */
.floating-nav {
    position: fixed;
    bottom: 35px;
    right: 25px;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: 8px;
    z-index: 999;
}

/* Sleek glassy button */
.scroll-btn {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    width: 45px;
    height: 45px;
    border-radius: 12px;
    background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15);
    backdrop-filter: blur(14px) saturate(180%);
    -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(14px) saturate(180%);
    border: 2px solid rgba(158, 157, 157, 0.438);
    color: var(--text-primary);
    font-size: 1rem;
    cursor: pointer;
    transition: all 0.25s ease-in-out;
}

/* Hover effects */
.scroll-btn:hover {
    background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.25);
    transform: translateY(-2px) scale(1.05);
    box-shadow: 0 4px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.15);
}

/* Dark mode adjustment */
[data-theme="dark"] .scroll-btn {
        background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);
        border: 2px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15);
        color: white;
    }

[data-theme="dark"] .scroll-btn:hover {
        background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.45);
        box-shadow: 0 4px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);
    }


@media print {
.navbar, .floating-nav, .loading-bar, .scroll-progress {
    display: none !important;
}

body {
    background: white !important;
    color: black !important;
}

.glass {
    background: transparent !important;
    border: 1px solid #ddd !important;
    box-shadow: none !important;
}

.section {
    break-inside: avoid;
    page-break-inside: avoid;
}
}

.footer-details {
  color: var(--text-secondary);
  margin-top: 1rem;
  text-align: center;
  font-size: 1rem;
  padding: 1rem;
}

/* Responsive adjustments */
@media (max-width: 768px) {
  .footer-details {
    font-size: 0.9rem;
    padding: 0.8rem;
  }
}

@media (max-width: 480px) {
  .footer-details {
    font-size: 0.8rem;
    padding: 0.6rem;
  }
}